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Mutanen da suka lashe kyautar yabo ta Nobel ta 2021 kan Chemistry da Physics yayin da suke murnar samun lambobin
An bayyana fitaccen mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ɗin nan na ƙasar Belarus, Ales Bialiatski, a matsayin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel kan zaman lafiya.
Yanzu haka Bialiatski yana ɗaure a gidan yari ba tare da an yi masa shari’a ba.
Mr Bialiatski, mai shekara 60, shi ne ya kafa Cibiyar Viasna (Spring) Human Rights Centre, a 1996 don mayar da martani a kan matakin da shugaban mulkin kama-karyar Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko ya ɗauka na far wa masu zanga-zangar ƙyamar gwamnatinsa.
Me ya sa karramawar ke da matuƙar daraja, kuma su wane ne suka lashe a baya?
Karramawar
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Jerin mutanen da suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel ya hada da masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziƙi da shugabannin ƙasashen duniya da manazarta
Karramawar, wata lambar yabo ce da ake bayarwa duk shekara a ɓangaren Fizik (Physics) da Kemistire (Chemistry) da Likitanci da adabi da zaman lafiya.
Ana karrama mutane ne “Da suka fi amfanar da al’umma” a tsawon wata 12 da suka gabata.
An samo asalin karramawar ce daga wasiyyar wani ɗan kasuwar Sweden- wanda kuma shi ne ya ƙirƙiri nakiyar da ake kira dynamite mai suna Alfred Nobel. Ya bar mafi yawan dukiyarsa, inda ya ce a yi amfani da ita wajen ƙaddamar da karramawar, wadda aka fara bayarwa a 1901.
A 1968 ne aka ƙara lambar yabo ta kimiyyar tattalin arziki wanda Babban Bankin Sweden ya dauki nauyi.
Kamar yadda bayanin ya nuna a shafin Nobelpeace.org, daga 1901 zuwa 2021, an ba mutum 943 da kuma kungiyoyi guda 25 kyautar Nobel da ta Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki ta Sveriges Riksbank.
Haka kuma an ba mata 58 karramawar a tsakanin 1901 zuwa 2021.
Mutum biyu ne kacal, marubucin Faransa Jean-Paul Sartre da jagoran siyasa a Vietnam, Le Duc Tho suka taɓa ƙin karɓar karramawar.
Yaya ake zaɓo waɗanda suka cancanta?
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Alfred Nobel ya ba da kusan dukkan dukiyarsa domin kafa gidauniyar ba da lambar yabon
Malaman makarantu da jami’o’i da waɗanda suka taɓa lashe kyautar ne ke miƙa sunayen waɗanda suke ganin sun cancanta. A tsarin Gidauniyar Nobel, ba a amince a yi ta tura sunan mutum har ya tsawon shekara 50 ba, sannan mutum ba zai zaɓi kansa ba.
Waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabon, ana kiran su laureates, domin karamci ga waɗanda suka lashe gasar a harshen Girka.
Mutum fiye da ɗaya na iya lashe lambar, amma ba a amince su zarce uku ba.
Akwai shekarun da suka wuce ba a ba da lambar yabon ba – yawanci a lokutan yaƙe-yaƙen duniya.
Yadda ake zaɓar wanda ya cancanta
Ana ba da lambar yabon Fizik da Kemistire da Likitancj da Adabi da Kimiyyar tattalin arziki ne a birnin Stockholm na ƙasar Sweden.
Ita kuma lambar yabon Zaman Lafiya, kwamitin Majalisar Norway na mutum biyar ne ke zaɓa, kuma ana bikin ne a birnin Oslo.
Me ake ba mutanen da suka lashe kyautar?
Waɗanda suka lashe suna samun kyautuka guda uku:
. Diflomar Nobel, wadda kowanne zayyanarsa daban ce.
• Tambarin Nobel, wanda kowanne zanensa daban.
• Kuɗin krona na Sweden miliyan 10 ($911,000) – wanda za a raba tsakanin waɗanda suka lashe idan sama da mutum ɗaya ne. Sannan dole su gabatar da lakca kafin su karɓi kuɗin.
Ana ba da kyautar ne a bikin da ake yi duk ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, wadda rana ce ta zagayowar ranar mutuwar Mista Nobel.
Fitattun waɗanda suka lashe
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Malala Yousafzai ita ce mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ta lashe kyautar
Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Amurka, Barack Obama ya lashe lambar Zaman Lafiya a shekarar 2009 saboda “ƙoƙarinsa wajen diflomasiyya da samar da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane.”
Shugaban ƙasa Obama ya ce, “Ya yi mamaki kuma ya ji daɗi” kuma zai yi amfani da shi a matsayin “ƙarfafa gwiwa domin yin aiki.” Sai dai an soki lamirin lambar ta Obama, musamman ganin shekara 12 kawai ya yi a ofis kafin ba shi karrramawar.
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John B. Goodenough yana da shekaru 98 lokacin da ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel
Wasu fitattun waɗanda suka lashe sun haɗa da Tsohon Shugaban Kasa Jimmy Carter (2002), Tarayyar Turai (2012) da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Sakatare Janar ɗinta na wancan lokacin, Kofi Annan (2001) da Saint Teresa ta Calcutta (1979).
Albert Einstein ya lashe a fannin Fizik 1921 da Marie Curie (Fizik 1903 da Kemistire a 1911)
Mai fafutukar ganin ƙananan yara sun yi karatu, Malala Yousafzai ta lashe lambar a shekarar (2014) lokacin tana da ‘yar shekara 17 a duniya kuma har yanzu ita ce mafi ƙaranci shekarun da ta lashe kyautar a tarihi. John B. Goodenough shi ne mafi tsufa- yana da shekara 98 ya lashe kyautar a 2019.
Mutum biyu – marubuci Jean-Paul Sartrea a 1964 da ɗan siyasar Vietnam, Le Duc Tho a 1973 ne suka taɓa ƙin karɓar lambar karramawar, sai kuma mutum huɗu da ƙasarsu ta hana su karɓa.
A 2016, an samu kai-komo a kan ko mawaki Bob Dylan zai karɓi karramawar, amma a shekarar 2017 sai ya gabatar da lakcarsa ya karɓa.
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Iyalan Curie su ne suka fi samun lambar yabo ta Nobel – Marie (Hagu) ta lashe kyautar sau 2, yayin da mijinta Pierre da ‘yarta Irene suka lashe sau ɗai-ɗai
Me wasu da suka ci kyautar suka yi bayan samun nasara?
Marie and Pierre Curie sun yi amfani da kuɗin da suka samu daga kyautar Nobel ta Fizik a 1903 don faɗaɗa bincikensu, sannan a 2006 wanda ya lashe kambun na Fizik John Mather ya ba da kudin da ya karɓa ga gidauniyarsa.
A 1993, masanin kimiyyar Birtaniya, Richard Robert ya kashe kuɗin da ya samu a wajen gina filin wasa.
A 2001, wanda ya lashe kyautar ta likitanci, Sa Paul Nurse babur mai ƙarfi ya saya wa kansa.
Asalin hoton, Swaminathan Natarajan
Wasu a cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar irinsu ɗan jaridar Rasha Dmitry Muratov sun sadaukar da ita ga ayyukan ci gaban al’ummar da suka sa a gaba
Shi kuma Orhan Pamuk da ya lashe lambar a 2006, ya buɗe gidan adana kayan tarihi.
A kusa-kusan nan, Dmitry Muratov, babban editan jarida mai zaman kanta ta Novaya Gazeta ya sayar da tambarin Nobel ɗinsa a kan $103.5m don taimaka wa yaran ƙasar Ukraine waɗanda yaƙi ya sa suka gudu daga garuruwansu.
