Yadda ake zama shugaban kasar Amurka

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—BBC Hausa

‘Yan takara 20 na jam’iyyar Democrat a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2020 ne suka tafka muhawara ranar Laraba kwana kadan bayan Shugaba Trump ya kaddamar da tasa takarar a jihar Florida.

A bayyana take cewa yakin zaben mai daukar lokaci ya dauki harama. To yaya za a iya zama shugaba mafi karfin iko a fadin duniya?

Wa ke da damar tsayawa takara?

Shugaban kasa wajibi ne ya kai shekara 35, haifaffen Amurka kuma mazaunin kasar na tsawon shekara akalla 14, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanada.

Akasarin ‘yan takarar suna da masaniya kan harkokin siyasa ta hanyar rike mukamai kamar sanata, ko gwamna, ko mataimakin shugaban kasa ko kuma dan majalisar wakilai.

Sannan kuma sukan fito daga bangaren sojoji kamar Janar mai ritaya General Dwight Eisenhower, ko kuma ‘yan kasuwa irin Donald Trump, wanda tsohon dillalin gidaje ne sannan kuma tauraron shirin talabijin.

‘Yan takarar baya-bayan nan suna da digiri na jami’a, kuma sama da rabin shugabannin sun yi digigrin ne a fannin lauya.

Amurkawa ba su taba zabar shuagaban da ba Kirista ba ko kuma mace, sannan kuma Obama ne kawai shugaban da ba farar fata ba.

Donald Trump shi ne shugaba na 45 domin mutum 44 sun yi shugabancin kafinsa – sai dai tsohon shugaba Grover Cleveland ya yi mulkin sau biyu a lokuta daban-daban.

Yaushe ake fara kamfe?

Ba kamar Najeriya ba da Birtaniya da Faransa inda ake kayyade lokutan da ‘yan takara za su fara kamfe, ‘yan takara a Amurka za su iya yin kamfe har na tsawon wata 18 saboda ba a kayyade lokacin farawa ba.

Shugaba Trump ya shirya kundin kamfe din sake zabenesa a karo na biyu tun daga lokacin da ya karbi mukullan fadar White House a watan Janairun 2017.

Ya yi ta kamfe da taken “Make America Great Again” (a dawo da martabar Amurka), kuma ya ci gaba da yawon tarukan siyasa a fadin kasar tun daga wancen lokaci.

Zama shugaban kasa abu ne mai matukar tsada. Yana da matukar muhimmanci dan takara ya tattara gudummawar kudi daga magoya bayansa sannan kuma ya zuba nasa a harkokin kamfe.

Takara tsakanin Hillary Clinton da Donald Trump a zaben 2016 ta lakume kudi har dala biliyan $2.4, kamar yadda shafin OpenSecrets.org mai kwarmata bayanai kan kudaden kamfe ya bayyana.

Tuni Donald Trump ya tara dala miliyan $30 na kamfe din 2020 a watanni hudu na farkon shekarar 2019, inda Bernie Sanders na Democrat yake biye masa, wanda ya tara dala miliyan $20.7.

Wadanne ne manyan jam’iyyun?

Manyan jam’iyyu biyu ne kawai masu zabe suka fi bai wa kuri’u – Democrat (mai sassaucin ra’ayi) da kuma Republican (mai tsattsauran ra’ayi).

Wani abin rikitarwa shi ne, masu sharhi kan yi wa jam’iyyar Republican lakabi da GOP abin da ke nufin “Grand Old Party”.

Wasu jam’iyyun daban kan shiga zaben a wasu lokutan, inda jam’iyyun Libertarian da Green da kuma Independent kan gabatar da ‘yan takararsu.

Wake son zama shugaban kasa a shekarar 2020?

‘Yan takara fiye da 20 ne ke hankoron jam’iyyar Democrat ta tsayar da su takara.

Zaben cikin gida, wanda za a fara a watan Fabrairu, ana gudanar da shi a kowacce jiha domin zabar ‘yan takarar a matakin jam’iyya.

‘Yan takarar jam’iyyar Democrat da ke kan gaba su ne: Joe Biden tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa, da Elizabeth Warren sanata daga Massachusetts, da Bernie Sanders sanata daga Vermont, da Kamala Harris sanata daga jihar California.

20 daga cikinsu za su fafata muhawara a wannan makon a birnin Miami a jihar Florida, inda za su shafe dare biyu.

Donald Trump bai zama cikakken dan takarar Republican ba tukunna har sai jam’iyyar ta gabatar da shi a hukumance.

Akalla mutum daya zai kalubalance shi – tsohon gwamnan Massachusetts Bill Weld – sai dai da wuya ya iya yin wani tasiri saboda Terump yana da farin jini a jam’iyyar sosai.

Ta yaya ake samun nasarar cin zaben?

Wanda jam’iyyun Democrat da Republican suka tsayar a matsayin ‘yan takararsu su ne za su fafata a zaben Nuwamban 2020.

Kuri’un da kowanne dan takara ya samu, wanda ake kira “The popular vote”, ba su da wani tasiri dangane da yadda za a samu nasarar lashe zaben.

Sai an duba tsarin kuri’a da ake kira “Electoral College”.

Wanda ya lashe kuri’a 270 cikin 538 – wato sama da rabi ke nan – na Electoral college din shi ne zai shiga fadar White House.

Wannan ya sa wasu suka fi wasu muhbimmanci.

Dan takara ka iya fin abokin takararsa yawan kuri’u amma kuma ya kasa yin nasarar lashe zaben, kamar yadda ya faru ga Al Gore na Democrat a 2000 da kuma Hillary Clintron a 2016.

Kowacce jiha tana da wani adadi na masu jefa kuri’a, wanda ake ayyana su bisa girman wakilcin da jihar take da shi a majalisar wakilai.

Jihohi shida mafiya girma su ne: California me kuri’a 55, Texas mai 38, New York mai 29, Florida mai 29, Illinois mai 20, sai Pennsylvania mai kuri’a 20.

Yayin da jihohin California da New York da Illinois ke karkashin ikon Democrat, sannan Texas ke karkashin Republican, ana fafata zaben shugaban kasar ne a jihohi ‘yan tsurari kamar Ohio da Florida, wadanda a iya cewa ba su da alkibla a siyasance.

Jihohin da ba su da alkibla asiyasance kan iya canzawa kuma hakan ya dogara ne ga dan takara.

Jihohin Arizona da Pennsylvania da Wisconsin duka ana iya kallonsu a matsayin marasa alkibla, wadanda a kowane lokaci suke iya canzawa.

“Yan takara ba su fiye bata lokaci ba a jihohin da suke ganin ba za su samu kuri’a da yawa ba.

Ana yi wa jihohin da jam’iyyar Democrat take da karfi da lakabi da “Red states” – masu hadari ga Republican – inda kuma ake yi wadanda Republican take da karfi lakabi da “Blue states” – masu takaici ga Democrat.

Kowace jiha tana kirga kuri’unta ne kuma akasari akan sanar da wanda ya yi nasara a daren ranar da aka kada kuri’un.

Bayan an mika mulki, wanda ya lashe shugabancin kasar zai fara aiki a watan Janairu bayan bikin rantsuwa.

Bayan kammala biki a harabar majalisar wakilai, shugaban kasar zai fita cikin jerin gwano zuwa fadar White House, inda zai fara wa’adin mulki har na tsawon shekara hudu.